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Abstract
Background and Objectives Perihematomal edema (PHE) contributes to poor outcome after deep intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), which is characterized by neuroinflammation and an influx of peripherally derived innate immune cells. We previously identified soluble ST2 (sST2) as a candidate for immune-mediated secondary brain injury. Leveraging prospectively collected cohorts from 2 centers, we sought to determine whether sST2 was associated with functional outcome, PHE, and the immune response following IPH.
Methods Patients with deep IPH were enrolled within 36 hours of ictus, and blood was collected for sST2 and immune cell measurement. Hematoma volume and PHE were measured on serial CT scans. Good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0–3 at 90 days. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the relationship between sST2 and PHE over time. Flow cytometry was used to identify shifts in immune cell populations associated with sST2. Immunohistochemistry of human brain tissue was used to identify ST2-expressing cells in the perihematomal region.
Results The 55 included patients had a median admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 (interquartile range [IQR] 9–15), an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score of 1 (IQR 1–2), and a hematoma volume of 8.6 mL (IQR 3.4–13.8 mL). Receiver operating curve analysis found the sST2 level to be predictive of poor outcome with an area under the curve of 0.763 (95% CI 0.632–0.894) and Youden optimum cut point of 61.8 ng/mL (p < 0.001). sST2 remained an independent predictor after adjustment for ICH score (adjusted odds ratio 2.53, 95% CI 1.03–6.19, p = 0.042). Measurement of PHE found those patients with high sST2 to have greater edema volume over time (β = 1.07, 95% CI 0.51–1.63, p < 0.001). High sST2 was associated with a shift toward an innate peripheral immune response (monocytes and natural killer cells; 68.6% ± 5.1% vs 47.5% ± 4.0%; p = 0.003).
Discussion Our findings demonstrate that elevated sST2 links the peripheral innate immune response to PHE volume and outcome after IPH. This knowledge is relevant to future studies that seek to identify patients with IPH at highest risk for immune-mediated injury or limit injury through targeted interventions.
Glossary
- BWH=
- Brigham and Women's Hospital;
- CPT=
- cell preparation tube;
- GCS=
- Glasgow Coma Scale;
- H&E=
- hematoxylin and eosin;
- HLA=
- human leukocyte antigen;
- IBA-1=
- ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1;
- ICH=
- intracerebral hemorrhage;
- IL=
- interleukin;
- IPH=
- intraparenchymal hemorrhage;
- IQR=
- interquartile range;
- LAR=
- legally authorized representative;
- mRS=
- modified Rankin Scale;
- NK=
- natural killer;
- NLR=
- neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;
- PBMC=
- peripheral blood mononuclear cell;
- PBS=
- phosphate-buffered saline;
- PHE=
- perihematomal edema;
- ROC=
- receiver operating curve;
- sST2=
- soluble ST2;
- tmST2=
- transmembrane ST2;
- tSNE=
- t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding;
- YNHH=
- Yale New Haven Hospital
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Editor-in-Chief José Merino, MD, MPhil, FAAN.
Editorial, page 599
- Received July 6, 2022.
- Accepted in final form November 16, 2022.
- © 2022 American Academy of Neurology
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